ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026
Extracts From Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) Peel via Microwave-Assisted and Conventional Extractions: Evaluation of Nosema Infection and Toxicity in Honey Bees.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesThis study aimed to assess the effects of grapefruit peel extract on bee health and its anti-nosema activity.
methodsConventional and microwave-assisted extractions of grapefruit peels were optimized by using the response surface method based on a central composite design approach. HPLC was used to determine the polyphenolic content of the optimal extracts. The effects of optimum extracts on honeybees were evaluated through acute (4%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%) and chronic (2%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%) toxicity tests, as well as longevity assessments (2%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25%). Furthermore, the effects of the extracts on intestinal health were evaluated by histopathological examination, and the anti-nosema activity of the optimum extracts (1%) was assessed.
resultsIn the toxicity tests, histopathological examinations showed that the extracts had no adverse effects on midgut health. While a 10-day feeding with the optimized extracts did not show a significant difference in overall lifespan, the longevity study showed that bees given 1% of the conventional optimal extract survived longer than the control group. The optimal extracts did not produce high anti-nosema activity at the applied dose.
conclusionsOptimized phenolic-rich extracts have mild health-promoting effects and may offer mild support against Nosema, encouraging further research into bee health and disease management.
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