ReviewNeurology and therapy2026
Treatment Effects on Chronic Active Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.
Review in Neurology and therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by chronic, compartmentalized inflammation persisting behind a relatively intact blood-brain barrier. This process can be assessed in vivo using neuroimaging biomarkers of chronic active lesions (CALs): paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs), slowly expanding lesions (SELs), and lesions showing increased uptake of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. Given their association with more severe structural damage, clinical disability, and disease progression, CALs represent a biologically relevant target to assess whether disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) can modulate smoldering MS pathology.
methodsThis narrative review summarizes current evidence on the effects of DMTs on CAL-associated imaging biomarkers and discusses implications for future clinical trial design targeting smoldering MS biology.
resultsDespite their strong biological and clinical relevance, current evidence suggests that available DMTs have a limited and inconsistent effect on CAL occurrence and evolution over short- to medium-term follow-up. However, treatment effects may be more apparent at the microstructural level, potentially attenuating intralesional progressive microstructural damage accumulation. Interpretation of existing data is challenged by heterogeneous MS cohorts, variability in imaging methodologies, short follow-up durations, and the only partial biological overlap among PRLs, SELs, and TSPO-PET lesions, which capture distinct dimensions of chronic inflammatory activity.
conclusionsFuture studies should include prospective, multimodal longitudinal designs with standardized imaging protocols and CAL-specific endpoints to better define treatment effects on compartmentalized inflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.