ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026
Development of a Synthetic Liver Phantom: Experimental Characterization of Tissue Mechanical Properties.
Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
purposeHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in detection and treatment, prognosis remains poor, with incidence projected to surpass one million cases annually by 2025. Current loco-regional therapies, such as surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, and transarterial chemoembolization, are often limited by anatomical or clinical constraints, leaving many patients without viable options. This study aims to develop and experimentally characterize a synthetic liver phantom with tunable mechanical and permeability properties for preclinical testing and protocol optimization of injectable loco-regional therapies, including emerging alternatives such as YntraDose.
methodsPorcine liver tissue was experimentally characterized to establish benchmark values for compression modulus and permeability. Based on these data, a 3D-printed phantom was designed using controlled microstructures to independently tune stiffness and permeability of parenchyma and tumor-mimicking regions. Compression testing, Darcy-based permeability experiments, and T2-weighted MRI were used for validation.
resultsThe literature review revealed significant gaps in experimental permeability data, emphasizing the need for physical liver models to validate novel therapies. Preliminary design parameters were established for fabricating biomimetic liver phantoms with realistic mechanical and flow characteristics. Porcine liver permeability was measured in the order of 10⁻
conclusionThe proposed phantom provides a controlled experimental platform for investigating the mechanical and transport behavior of injectable agents in liver-mimicking tissue. While not intended for clinical or regulatory equivalence, this research-grade model bridges the gap between simplified in vitro systems and in vivo studies, supporting preclinical research and device development.
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