ArticleBMC endocrine disorders2026
Advanced glycation end-products and sclerostin are elevated across diabetes phenotypes and associated with vertebral fractures in type 2 diabetes.
Article in BMC endocrine disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo investigate the associations of circulating advanced glycation end-products (AGEs; carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine) and sclerostin with bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral fractures in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA).
methodsIn this cross-sectional case–control study, 76 patients with T1DM, 91 with T2DM, and 40 with LADA were compared with 85 non-diabetic controls. Anthropometric variables, biochemical parameters, and bone turnover markers (osteocalcin and β-CTX) were assessed. Serum AGEs and sclerostin were quantified by ELISA. Areal BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral neck. Vertebral fractures were identified on spine radiographs using Genant’s semiquantitative method. Multivariable analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of vertebral fractures.
resultsSerum carboxymethyllysine, pentosidine, and sclerostin concentrations were significantly higher, while osteocalcin and β-CTX were significantly lower, in all diabetes groups versus controls (all p < 0.001). Vertebral fractures were present in 14.49% of participants with T1DM, 34.2% with T2DM, and 27.5% with LADA. In fracture-stratified analyses within the T2DM group, participants with vertebral fractures were older and had higher carboxymethyllysine levels than those without fractures. In multivariable analysis restricted to the T2DM group, age (AOR 1.079; 95% CI 1.019–1.143; p = 0.009) and pentosidine (AOR 1.848; 95% CI 1.030–3.316; p = 0.040) were independently associated with vertebral fractures, whereas carboxymethyllysine was not.
conclusionElevated AGEs and sclerostin together with suppressed bone turnover markers were observed across diabetes phenotypes and are consistent with altered bone metabolism. In T2DM, age and pentosidine were independently associated with prevalent vertebral fractures; however, given the cross-sectional design, these associations should not be interpreted as evidence of a direct mechanistic pathway. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify whether these biomarker patterns reflect diabetes severity, skeletal fragility, or both. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.