ArticleBMC oral health2026
Salivary Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α changes following total oral rehabilitation in children with mild intellectual disability: a prospective interventional study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to evaluate changes in salivary inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in children with mild intellectual disability (ID) and early childhood caries (ECC) following total oral rehabilitation (TOR), and to explore their potential as non-invasive indicators of oral inflammatory status.
methodsA prospective interventional study was conducted on 23 children aged 3–6 years with mild ID and ECC, recruited from the NITTE Special Child Care Centre and affiliated schools. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline (pre-TOR), 1 month, and 3 months post-TOR. TOR included comprehensive dental treatment—oral prophylaxis, restorations, pulp therapy, extractions, sealants, and fluoride application—alongside individualised diet counselling and reinforcement of oral hygiene. Salivary IL-6 and TNF-α levels were quantified using a high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analysed using the Friedman test, followed by Bonferroni-adjusted Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (adjusted α = 0.017).
resultsThe median baseline salivary IL-6 and TNF-α levels were 257.97 pg/mL and 173.0 pg/mL, respectively. Both cytokines demonstrated significant reductions at 1 month (IL-6:98.45 pg/mL; TNF-α: 77.12 pg/mL) and 3 months (IL-6:98.33 pg/mL; TNF-α: 72.0 pg/mL) post-TOR (Friedman test, p < 0.001). Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons showed significant reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α from baseline to 1 month and baseline to 3 months (p < 0.001). The additional reduction in TNF-α from 1 to 3 months did not remain statistically significant after adjustment (p = 0.033).
conclusionTotal oral rehabilitation was associated with significant reductions in salivary IL-6 and TNF-α levels in children with mild intellectual disabilities, consistent with measurable biochemical improvements. These findings support the potential role of salivary cytokines as non-invasive indicators of oral inflammatory changes; however, further controlled studies incorporating clinical correlations and larger cohorts are required before definitive biomarker validation.
trial registrationThe trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry – India (CTRI) with registration No: CTRI/2024/07/071143 dated 2024-07-23.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.