Evidence mapPaperPMID 41965800Full record

ArticleTrials2026

Impact of using routine healthcare data on the efficiency of implementation trials: a qualitative comparative case study.

Charis Xuan Xie, Alice-Maria Toader, Anna De Simoni, Sandra Eldridge, Joseph E Glass, Hilary Pinnock, Clare Relton

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Trials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Charis Xuan XieWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. charis.xie@qmul.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-9159
Alice-Maria ToaderMRC-NIHR Trials Methodology Research Partnership, Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Anna De SimoniWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Sandra EldridgeWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Joseph E GlassKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
Hilary PinnockCentre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Clare ReltonWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Funding

Wellcome Trust 224863/Z/21/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRandomised implementation trials evaluate the effects of implementation strategies on implementation outcomes and may also monitor clinical effectiveness. Routine healthcare data are used in implementation trials for participant identification, intervention delivery, and/or outcome ascertainment. Trial efficiency (scientific, operational, statistical, and economic) is operationalised across trial design, processes, superstructure, infrastructure, and stakeholder engagement (the Trial Efficiency Pentagon). Despite frequent usage, the contribution of routine data to implementation trial efficiency remains underexplored. We aimed to investigate how the use of routine healthcare data affects trial efficiency in two implementation trials.

methodsWe conducted a qualitative comparative case study of two implementation trials, one UK-based and one US-based. Participants were purposively sampled from trial teams involved in the use and management of routine healthcare data. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and feedback workshops. Framework analysis guided by the Trial Efficiency Pentagon was used to analyse the data, and data flow diagrams were developed to visualise routine data pathways within each trial.

resultsThe two trials (DIGITS and IMP

conclusionsRoutine data has an impact on implementation trial efficiency across trial design, processes, superstructure, infrastructure, and stakeholder engagement. To improve trial efficiency in public healthcare systems, researchers must address technological and regulatory barriers to accessing data. In private healthcare systems, data use and access hinges on investing in robust IT infrastructure and ensuring comprehensive organisational commitment.

trial registrationIMP

Indexed as

Research DesignRoutinely Collected Health DataHumansQualitative ResearchRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicUnited KingdomUnited StatesImplementation trialsRoutine healthcare dataTrial efficiency

Identifiers

PMID41965800
PMCPMC13181941

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.