Evidence mapPaperPMID 41968323Full record

ReviewCardiovascular diabetology2026

Lipid management in type 2 diabetes and non-HDL-cholesterol: target all atherogenic lipoproteins.

Julia Brandts, Marlo Verket, Alberto Zambon, Nikolaus Marx, Dirk Müller-Wieland, Massimo Federici

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Julia Brandts *Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Marlo Verket *Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. mverket@ukaachen.de.
Alberto ZambonDepartment of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
Nikolaus MarxDepartment of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Dirk Müller-WielandDepartment of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
Massimo FedericiDepartment of Systems Medicine, University "Tor Vergata" of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes, partly driven by dyslipidemia. While low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction is the primary target of lipid management, many patients with diabetes exhibit mixed dyslipidemia characterised by elevated triglycerides and increased concentrations of atherogenic remnant lipoproteins, which are more comprehensively captured by non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Current guidelines from international societies, including the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), recommend LDL-C and non-HDL-C targets based on individual cardiovascular risk profiles. Despite clear therapeutic algorithms, lipid target attainment remains suboptimal in routine clinical practice, necessitating more intensive and individualised treatment strategies. Lipid-lowering therapies, including statins, ezetimibe, bempedoic acid and PCSK9 inhibitors, effectively reduce LDL-C and non-HDL-C, significantly lowering cardiovascular risk. Triglyceride-lowering therapies, including omega-3 fatty acids and fibrates, have demonstrated substantial reductions in triglyceride levels, but their impact on cardiovascular outcomes remains uncertain. Given the heterogeneity of dyslipidemia in diabetes, non-HDL-C and apolipoprotein B (apoB) have emerged as superior markers for assessing atherogenic burden. While LDL-C reduction remains central, additional efforts are needed to optimise the management of residual atherogenic lipoprotein particles in diabetes. Future research should focus on refining risk stratification, improving lipid target attainment, and integrating novel lipid-modifying agents to enhance cardiovascular outcomes in this high-risk population.

Indexed as

AtherosclerosisDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2DyslipidemiasHypolipidemic AgentsLipidsLipoproteinsBiomarkersHeart Disease Risk FactorsHumansRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsTreatment OutcomeBiomarkersHypolipidemic AgentsLipidsLipoproteinsDiabetesHypercholesterolaemiaNon-HDL cholesterolTriglycerides

Identifiers

PMID41968323
PMCPMC13085282

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.