ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Multidimensional biomarker profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of lung cancer: a retrospective observational study.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This study evaluated multidimensional biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of lung cancer. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 100 patients who underwent clinically indicated bronchoscopy between April 2022 and April 2024, comprising 65 patients with histopathologically confirmed lung cancer and 35 patients with benign pulmonary diseases. BALF data obtained during routine clinical care were retrospectively collected for tumor markers (CEA, CYFRA21-1, NSE, ProGRP), cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF- Results: BALF concentrations of CEA, CYFRA21-1, NSE, ProGRP, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF- Conclusion: BALF provides tumor-proximal diagnostic and prognostic information in lung cancer. Enriched tumor markers, inflammatory imbalance, particularly the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, enhanced ctDNA detection, and local immunosuppressive immune features support the utility of BALF as a minimally invasive liquid biopsy for lung cancer evaluation and risk stratification.
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