SynthesisNutrients2026
Effect of Probiotic and Synbiotic Oral Supplementation in Autoimmune Diseases: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAutoimmune diseases affect 5-10% of the global population. Probiotic supplementation has emerged as a potential adjunctive therapy in managing inflammation associated with these conditions. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of oral probiotics in patients with autoimmune diseases for managing inflammation.
methodsA literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed up to 18 June 2024. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of oral supplementation of probiotics, synbiotics, or prebiotics in patients with established autoimmune diseases. The primary outcome was changes in inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and high-sensitivity
resultsTwelve RCTs involving 703 patients were included. Significant reductions were observed in levels of IL-6 (pooled standardized mean difference [pSMD] = -0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.30, -0.37), IL-10 (pSMD = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.00), TNFα (pSMD = -0.41; 95% CI: -0.77, -0.06), and hs-CRP (pSMD = -0.71; 95% CI: -1.18, -0.23) in patients taking probiotic supplementation. Subgroup analysis revealed that in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, the probiotics group showed greater improvements in IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα compared to the controls. In multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, the probiotics group demonstrated greater improvements in hs-CRP.
conclusionsOral probiotic supplementation lowers the levels of some inflammatory markers in patients with autoimmune diseases. Further studies with longer follow-up durations are needed to confirm these findings and explore the long-term benefits of probiotics in this population.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.