ArticlePNAS nexus2026
A multitransmitter, synaptic specification-segregated calyx-like synapse linking pontine pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide neurons to forebrain-extended amygdala.
Article in PNAS nexus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
We have discovered a highly specialized innervation of the forebrain by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) immunohistochemistry originating from the brain stem that uses glutamate, acetylcholine, and PACAP, and other peptides as neurotransmitters. The parent neurons of the axons are in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and their terminals form calyx-like multirelease-site synapses in the rodent forebrain extended amygdala similar to the calyx of Held in the auditory brain stem. The latter is a giant, excitatory, cup-like axo-somatic high-fidelity synapse. The PACAP-positive terminals also form enveloping axo-somatic specialization with mixed glutamatergic and cholinergic molecular identities, co-expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1), VGluT2, vesicular acetylcholine transport (VAChT), and the neuropeptides PACAP, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neurotensin, together with calretinin in the presynaptic compartment. We identified a distinct neuronal subpopulation in the pontine Kölliker-Fuse region of the parabrachial complex that gives rise to these calyceal terminals, which engulf Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ
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