Dynamic collaboration between mitochondria and organelles: mechanisms, functions, and disease implications.

In recent years, numerous studies have revealed that dysregulation of mitochondria-organelle interactions is a common feature underlying various pathological processes and pathogen infections. For instance, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), dysfunction of mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAMs) leads to calcium overload and oxidative stress, while cancer cells enhance glycolysis by remodeling mitochondria-Golgi interactions. Targeting these key interacting nodes has shown significant therapeutic potential. Although technological advances have uncovered some underlying mechanisms, the spatiotemporal dynamics, tissue specificity, and causal role of organelle interactions in diseases remain unclear. In-depth understanding of these collaborative networks will provide new targets for the treatment of cancer, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases, and also create novel possibilities for elucidating pathogen-host interaction mechanisms and developing anti-infective therapies. Given the importance of dynamic mitochondria-organelle collaboration in disease treatment, this review first focuses on analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk. Building on this, the dysregulation of mitochondria-organelle collaboration in diseases is discussed in depth, with a particular focus on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, the potential therapeutic strategies targeting organelle interactions are summarized and analyzed. In conclusion, the information in this manuscript offers a new way to think about and treat several serious illnesses.