Complex multitrophic species interactions and fitness costs: Intricate consequences of jasmonate and salicylate induced plant defences.

Induced plant defences regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) initiate a cascade of effects, from defence expression to changes in arthropod community structure and species interactions that can ultimately influence plant fitness. Yet the long-term consequences of these processes remain poorly understood, particularly in perennial tropical systems. We investigated how activation of JA and SA signalling pathways shapes arthropod community composition and plant reproductive success in Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae), a glandular trichome-bearing shrub native to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Using chemical elicitors, we induced JA and SA defences for up to 16 months and monitored herbivore and predator assemblages, herbivory patterns, trichome expression, pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentrations and plant short-term fecundity. JA-elicited plants exhibited higher pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in flowers, reduced leaf herbivory and lower seed damage by pre-dispersal seed predators. However, these plants experienced increased colonization by sap-feeding insects. In contrast, SA-elicited plants were more vulnerable to chewing herbivores but more resistant to sap-feeders. Despite similar reductions in seed predation across both treatments, JA and SA induction significantly reduced ovary fertilization, likely due to changes in floral traits and decreased pollinator visitation, ultimately imposing substantial fitness costs. Additionally, seasonal turnover in arthropod communities was accompanied by temporal variation in how defences structured species composition and abundance. Our findings demonstrate that phytohormone-mediated defences can simultaneously induce resistance and susceptibility across herbivore guilds, with divergent impacts on predator associations. Although defence induction reduced herbivore damage, it compromised short-term fecundity, revealing trade-offs between defence and reproduction. By linking induced defences to multitrophic interactions over time, this study highlights the ecological complexity of plant defence strategies in biodiverse tropical ecosystems.