Exploring the evolutionary landscape of mitochondrial genomes in the sunflower family (Asteraceae).

Asteraceae, the largest family of flowering plants, comprises more than 26,000 species worldwide, many of which serve as crops, medicinal herbs, and ornamentals. While substantial genomic resources are available for nuclear and chloroplast genomes, mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) in this family remain poorly explored, limiting an integrated understanding of its genomic evolution. Here, we assembled 38 complete mitogenomes representing 12 subfamilies and 22 tribes. Our analyses revealed substantial size variation, with notably larger mitogenomes in early-diverging lineages. We also observed extensive structural rearrangements across subfamilies and tribes. Although the gene content is largely conserved, we identified notable mutations, horizontal gene transfer events, and losses of RNA editing sites. We reconstructed a comprehensive mitochondrial phylogeny of Asteraceae, which revealed both congruent and conflicting relationships with phylogenies based on plastid and nuclear markers. Furthermore, our fragment analysis of total mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that the differential retention of ancestral sequences significantly influences mitogenome size variation in Asteraceae. This study provides a systematic mitogenomic resource, offering novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics of this major plant family.