Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41983366›Full record

Trial reportDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Excursions During a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test in Young and Lean South Asians Versus Europids.

Carlijn A Hoekx, Lisa B D Brinkman, Robin van Eenige, Sander Kooijman, Marcel H A Muskiet, Ingrid M Jazet, Borja Martinez-Tellez, Patrick C N Rensen, Mariëtte R Boon

Registry-linked trialAbstract readClinical TrialComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05829018 (Elucidating the High Cardiovascular Disease Risk in South Asians), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05829018 naunknown statusnot on this map

Elucidating the High Cardiovascular Disease Risk in South Asians: Focus on Monocyte Phenotype and Incretin Hormones

TypeinterventionalSponsorLeiden University Medical CenterRan2023 to 2024Enrolled48ConditionsCardiovascular DiseasesArmsMixed meal test
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Carlijn A HoekxDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Lisa B D BrinkmanDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Robin van EenigeDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Sander KooijmanDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Marcel H A MuskietDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Ingrid M JazetDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Borja Martinez-TellezDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Patrick C N RensenDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Mariëtte R BoonDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-7538

Funding

Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad RYC2022-036473-INederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek 09150161910073Roba Metals
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsSouth Asians exhibit an unfavourable metabolic phenotype characterized by visceral obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. While various hormones play a critical role in regulating postprandial energy metabolism, it remains unclear whether they respond differently to food intake. We aimed to compare the meal-induced excursion of incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) and glucagon between South Asians and Europids. MATERIALS AND

methodsForty nine young, lean South Asian (n = 24), and Europid (n = 25) males and females underwent an extended (up to 240 min) mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT). At seven time points circulating incretins (active and total GLP-1 and GIP), glucagon, and parameters related to glucose (i.e., glucose, insulin) and lipid metabolism were measured.

resultsIn response to the MMTT, Europids generally exhibited a single peak in glucose levels at t = 30 min, while South Asians tended to display a biphasic glucose response, with peaks at t = 30 and t = 90 min. Among South Asian males, this was accompanied by an increased insulin response, characterized by elevated levels at the corresponding glucose peaks. South Asian females, however, demonstrated a marked drop in circulating glucagon at t = 90 min, and biphasic excursions of total and active GLP-1 and GIP (t = 30 and t = 120 min). Postprandial lipid excursions did not differ between ethnicities.

conclusionsIn contrast to a monophasic glucose response to the MMTT of Europids, South Asians tended to exhibit a biphasic glucose response, with sex-specific hormonal patterns, suggesting altered incretin and insulin dynamics despite similar postprandial lipid excursions.

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05829018; registration date: 25-04-2023).

Indexed as

Gastric Inhibitory PolypeptideGlucagonGlucagon-Like Peptide 1AdultBlood GlucoseFemaleHumansInsulinInsulin ResistanceMaleMealsPostprandial PeriodSouth Asian PeopleWhite PeopleYoung AdultBlood GlucoseGastric Inhibitory PolypeptideGlucagonGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Insulinenergy metabolismincretin hormonesmixed meal testSouth Asian

Identifiers

PMID41983366
PMCPMC13146191

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.