ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Trends in GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and SGLT2-Inhibitor Utilization and Expenditure Between 2017-2023: Demographic, Income, and Insurance Associations.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prescribing Trajectories in Type 2 Diabetes in the United States, 2019-2024.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Bempedoic acid within the phase ternary diagram governing biliary cholesterol solubilization and gallstone risk.Journal of lipid research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the proven effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-Is) for the treatment of a variety of conditions, the complexity of factors that influence access and utilization patterns is poorly understood.
objectiveUsing data from the 2017-2023 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), this study quantified GLP-1 RA/SGLT2-I utilization, expenditure, and off-label prescribing-defined as any prescription not linked to an FDA-approved indication-diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, or cardiovascular disease-and estimated the determinants.
designSurvey-weighted logistic and generalized linear regression models, adjusted for demographic, insurance, time, and clinical characteristics, quantified these outcomes. KEY
resultsBetween 2017 and 2023, use of GLP-1 RAs/SGLT2-Is rose from 0.42 to 4.45% and from 8.50 to 31.36% among adults with an FDA-approved condition. Compared to Whites and those with high income, a college education, and private insurance, Blacks (OR = 0.78, CI = 0.62, 0.99), Hispanics (OR = 0.74, CI = 0.58, 0.94), middle-income (OR = 0.73, CI = 0.62,0.85) and low-income (OR = 0.73, CI = 0.61, 0.86) earners, publicly insured (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.55, 0.82), uninsured (OR = 0.53, CI = 0.31, 0.92), and those with low education (OR = 0.67, CI = 0.53, 0.85) were less likely to utilize GLP-1 RAs or SGLT2-Is. Simultaneously, per-prescription spending increased nearly 50%. Off-label utilization fell from 27 to 12%. Comparatively, off-label utilization was higher among females (OR = 1.56, CI = 1.08, 2.25), but lower among Blacks (OR = 0.92, CI = 0.53, 0.96), Hispanics (OR = 0.55, CI = 0.31, 0.95), and those with only a high school (OR = 0.66, CI = 0.43, 0.99) or less than high school (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.23, 0.90) education.
conclusionsThe use of GLP-1 RA and SGLT2-I increased between 2017 and 2023, especially among individuals with approved diagnoses. At the same time, the average per-prescription cost increased by nearly 50%, creating barriers to access among low-income/education individuals. Given their clinical benefits, policy efforts should focus on equitable access, cost containment, and guidance on off-label prescribing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.