ArticleJournal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP2026
Maternal Responsiveness, Parenting Self-efficacy, and Economic Empowerment: Determinants of Infant Development in Pakistan.
Article in Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03880032 (Happy Mother-Healthy Baby), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Happy Mother-Healthy Baby: An Anxiety-focused Early Prenatal Intervention for the Prevention of Common Mental Disorders in Pakistan
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8 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveMaternal responsiveness and parenting self-efficacy may be constrained by a woman's ability to make household decisions. We evaluated if maternal responsiveness and parenting self-efficacy were associated with infant development. We further examined economic empowerment as a potential effect modifier of these relationships.
methodData for this cross-sectional substudy included 400 participants of the 1,200 total participants included in the Happy Mother-Healthy Baby study investigating a cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention among Pakistani women with anxiety symptoms conducted from 2019 to 2022. We examined the relationships between maternal responsiveness and parenting self-efficacy with 5 domains of child development at 6 weeks postpartum. We performed logistic regression analyses to assess these relationships and used interaction terms to examine economic empowerment as an effect modifier.
resultsA 10-point increase in responsiveness score was associated with a 40%, 36%, and 32% reduction in the odds of developmental delay in communication (aOR = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42-0.85), problem-solving (aOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.46-0.88), and personal-social skills (aOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.47-0.98). A 4-point increase in the score for self-efficacy was related to a 30%, 45%, and 37% decrease in the odds of developmental delay in gross motor (aOR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.51-0.96), problem-solving (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.40-0.74), and personal-social skills (aOR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.87). For fine motor and personal-social domains, self-efficacy played a protective role against infant developmental delay among non-empowered women, but not in empowered women.
conclusionMaternal responsiveness and parenting self-efficacy were beneficial for infant development in Pakistani women, particularly among women with limited household-level economic empowerment. This study was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT03880032) on March 19, 2019.
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