Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41986391›Full record

ReviewNPJ Parkinson's disease2026

Periodic limb movements in Parkinson's disease: a critical review of pathophysiology and a framework for clinical management.

Shihao Yi, Hanshu Liu, Xinyu Hu, Jiaming Xu, Shurui Zhang, Huaqing Zhang, Zhixin Wang, Tianqi Han, Liang Kou, Yun Xia and 3 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in NPJ Parkinson's disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Shihao Yi *Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Hanshu Liu *Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Xinyu HuDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Jiaming XuDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Shurui ZhangDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Huaqing ZhangDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Zhixin WangDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Tianqi HanDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Liang KouDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Yun XiaDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Tao WangDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
Zhicheng LinLaboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
Nian XiongDepartment of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. nianxiong@hust.edu.cn.

Funding

2023 Science and Technology Development Project of the Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine KFKT-2023-060National Natural Science Foundation of China 82271278National Science and Technology Major Project 2024ZD0529200Outstanding Youth Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province 2023020601012303
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Periodic limb movements (PLM) refer to periodic episodes of repetitive and stereotypical limb movements, predominantly affecting the lower extremities. The prevalence of PLM is estimated at 17.6% to 86.7% in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which is much higher than 4% to 11% in the general population. PD is a chronic neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS), and PLM represents one of the common non-motor manifestations. PLM in PD has garnered increasing attention due to its high prevalence, association with reduced sleep quality, elevated risk of comorbidities, unclear pathophysiology, and limited treatment options. This review outlines the epidemiology and risk factors for PLM in PD patients. We explore several underlying mechanisms including iron deficiency, dopaminergic dysregulation, and sympathetic nervous activity. Treatment strategies for PLM comorbid with PD are broadly categorized into non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies where dopamine agonists can alleviate symptoms of both PD and PLM. Clarifying the relationship between PLM and PD is essential, as it may lead to expanded novel treatment approaches and improved quality of life for affected patients.

Identifiers

PMID41986391
PMCPMC13266041

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.