ArticleJournal of thoracic disease2026
The evolving global burden of asthma among children and adolescents, 1990-2040: trends, disparities, and future projections based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021.
Article in Journal of thoracic disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Update on Pediatric asthma management: Recent advances.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Review
- Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in pediatric asthma and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: neuroimmune-developmental mechanisms and translational implications.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Asthma is a significant contributor to the global disease burden and is the most common chronic disease in children and adolescents. This study provides estimates of the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) burden of asthma among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, we analyzed age-standardized prevalence (ASPR), incidence (ASIR), mortality (ASMR), and DALYs (ASDR) rates of asthma among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to evaluate temporal trends. Data were stratified by sex, age, 204 nations/territories, 21 GBD regions, and five socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles. The Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models were applied to predict asthma burden up to 2040. Results: In 2021, there were approximately 126 million prevalent cases and 27 million incidence cases among children and adolescents worldwide. From 1990 to 2021, ASPR (EAPC -1.00) and ASIR (EAPC -0.77) declined moderately, while ASMR (EAPC -3.01) and ASDR (EAPC -1.54) decreased substantially. High SDI regions had the highest prevalence, incidence, and DALYs, whereas low SDI regions bore greater mortality. Males exhibited higher prevalence, whereas females experienced higher mortality. Prevalence peaked at ages 5-9 years, while incidence, deaths, and DALYs were highest in children younger than 5 years. High body mass index (BMI) was a leading contributor to asthma burden. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (2019-2021), global asthma burden in children and adolescents decreased, particularly in deaths, while prevalence slightly increased. BAPC projections indicate that the ASPR and ASIR will remain stable through 2040, while ASMR and ASDR will continue to decline. Conclusions: The global burden of asthma among children and adolescents has declined, but regional, sex, and age disparities persist. These findings highlight the need for targeted healthcare strategies and policies that address age, gender, and regional differences.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.