ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is characterized by impaired osteoblast function and disrupted bone homeostasis during prolonged glucocorticoid exposure. This study investigated whether Methods: SS-EVLP were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Cellular uptake was evaluated using PKH26 labeling. In vitro, MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells were exposed to dexamethasone (DEX) and treated with SS-EVLP. Cell viability, apoptosis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization, and protein expression were assessed by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, staining assays, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. In vivo, the effects of SS-EVLP were examined in a prednisolone-induced zebrafish model by analyzing particle distribution, skeletal mineralization, osteoblast-associated signals, ALP activity, and osteogenic- and antioxidant-related gene expression. Results: SS-EVLP exhibited vesicle-like spherical morphology and were mainly distributed between approximately 100 and 200 nm, with a major peak at 146 nm. SS-EVLP were efficiently taken up by MC3T3-E1 cells and showed low cytotoxicity. In DEX-treated cells, SS-EVLP restored cell viability, reduced apoptosis, and partially recovered ALP staining and mineralized nodule formation. The reduced expression of RUNX2, SP7, HO-1, and NRF2 in DEX-treated cells was partially restored by SS-EVLP, accompanied by increased nuclear NRF2 signal. In zebrafish, SS-EVLP were detectable in vivo after microinjection, attenuated prednisolone-induced skeletal defects, restored ALP activity, and increased the expression of Conclusion: SS-EVLP attenuated glucocorticoid-induced osteogenic impairment in vitro and in vivo, at least partly through NRF2/HO-1 signaling. These findings support the potential of SS-EVLP as a plant-derived nanovesicle candidate for GIOP intervention.
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