ArticleJournal of the Endocrine Society2026
Optimal visceral adipose tissue thresholds that minimize risk for osteoporosis and/or diabetes in midlife women.
Article in Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Context: Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of diabetes and osteoporosis risk. However, clinically relevant VAT thresholds associated with both osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes remain undefined. Objective: Utilizing the diametrically opposing effects of VAT for risk of diabetes and osteoporosis, this study aimed to identify a healthy VAT range minimizing risk for both conditions. Methods: We used baseline data from the Integrated Women's Health Programme, a cohort of community-dwelling midlife Singaporean women, to construct a spline-based odds ratio (OR) curve to assess the nonlinear relationship between VAT and the combined risk of osteoporosis and/or diabetes. A healthy VAT range was defined as the interval where the OR approached 1.0. Validation was conducted using longitudinal follow-up over 6.8 years, with modified Poisson regression models adjusted for age and ethnicity to estimate relative risks for incident (new) disease. Results: In midlife women (n = 1185, mean age: 56.3 ± 6.2, age range: 45.0 to 69.6 years), a U-shaped spline OR curve for the combined risk of osteoporosis and/or diabetes was observed. An optimal VAT range of 46.5 to 116.6 cm Conclusion: These findings establish a clinically actionable VAT range (46.5-116.6 cm
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