ReviewCureus2026
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Across the Glycemic Spectrum: Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes With Mechanistic Insights.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The association between SGLT2 inhibitor use and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were initially developed as glucose-lowering agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by reducing proximal tubular glucose reabsorption and promoting glucosuria. Subsequent cardiovascular and renal outcome trials established that these agents provide clinically meaningful benefits that extend beyond glycemic control, including reductions in heart failure (HF) events and slowing of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in patients with and without diabetes. We conducted a narrative literature review using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify English-language studies published between January 2019 and December 2025 evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin) across cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Eligible evidence included randomized controlled trials, large observational studies, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, guidelines, post‑hoc exploratory analyses, secondary analyses, and mechanistic/preclinical studies. Mechanistic data support benefits through natriuresis and osmotic diuresis with favorable ventricular loading, restoration of tubuloglomerular feedback and reduced intraglomerular pressure, improved myocardial energetics, and attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Clinically, SGLT2 inhibitors consistently reduce HF hospitalizations and composite cardiorenal endpoints in diabetic and non-diabetic populations across CKD stages studied and heart conditions, with a generally favorable safety profile; genital mycotic infections are most common, while diabetic ketoacidosis and volume depletion are uncommon with appropriate patient selection and counselling. Evidence gaps remain for stage 5 CKD and dialysis populations and for defining outcomes in lower-risk post-myocardial infarction cohorts. Overall, current data support SGLT2 inhibitors as foundational therapy for eligible patients with HF and/or CKD irrespective of diabetes status.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.