Effectiveness of mHealth Interventions for Improving eHealth Literacy Among Patients With Chronic Diseases: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Background: With the widespread use of the internet and mobile devices, eHealth literacy promotion is critical for medical equity. Mobile health (mHealth) serves as a pivotal tool for enhancing eHealth literacy by providing accessible, interactive platforms for health information engagement. However, the evidence regarding the effectiveness of mHealth interventions on eHealth literacy among patients with chronic diseases remains inconclusive. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mHealth interventions on eHealth literacy among patients with chronic diseases based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and summarize supportive evidence from quasi-experimental and qualitative studies. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was developed, and 8 electronic databases were systematically searched for studies published up to February 12, 2026. Patients with chronic diseases were included based on predefined inclusion criteria. The Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool for RCTs and the ROBINS-I tool for quasi-experimental studies were used to assess the risk of bias. Given the anticipated substantial heterogeneity among the studies included, we used a random-effects model based on the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method to pool effect sizes. A narrative and quantitative synthesis of the findings was provided where appropriate. Results: A total of 15 studies were included in this review, including 6 RCTs, 5 quasi-experimental studies, and 4 qualitative studies, involving a total of 2884 patients with chronic diseases. Meta-analyses of RCTs suggested that mHealth interventions could improve eHealth literacy, with a pooled mean effect size of standardized mean difference (SMD)=1. 19 (95% CI 0.14-2.23; P=.03; I²=97.75%; PI [prediction interval]=-2.68 to 5.05). Subgroup analyses by intervention targets showed that interventions on targets with specific disease produced larger mean effects (SMD=1.61; 95% CI 0.16-3.06; PI=-5.40 to 8.63), while interventions targeting the population with general chronic diseases produced smaller effects (SMD=0.36; 95% CI 0-0. 73; PI=-0. 21 to 0. 94). Analysis by intervention duration subgroup showed that the combined effect of studies with intervention duration <3 months was statistically significant (SMD=0.61; 95% CI 0.09-1.13; I²=88.04%; PI=-5.72 to 6.95); while the combined effect of studies with intervention duration ≥3 months was not statistically significant. Taking into account bias and the risk of GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation), the certainty of RCT evidence was moderate, and the certainty of quasi-experimental evidence was low. Conclusions: mHealth interventions could improve eHealth literacy among patients with chronic diseases on average. By using prediction intervals, this study reveals that the effectiveness of mHealth interventions is highly context-dependent and closely linked to implementation factors. Advancing beyond prior work, this study centers on eHealth literacy as a core outcome and integrates multiple types of evidence. Meanwhile, this finding emphasizes the need for evidence-based intervention programs and more rigorous implementation of intervention designs in future research.