A hybrid dual-stream CNN framework with dynamic data augmentation and improved Manta Ray Foraging Optimization for robust glaucoma detection.

A progressive neurological condition, glaucoma is one of the main causes of irreversible blindness in the globe. Early detection is crucial to preventing irreversible vision loss however conventional diagnostic methods are often time-consuming, and heavily reliant on clinical expertise. This study presents an innovative deep learning framework designed to automate glaucoma detection while addressing key challenges such as data imbalance, image quality inconsistencies, and the need for accurate feature extraction. The proposed framework begins with a dedicated preprocessing pipeline that enhances image clarity, and isolates clinically relevant regions of interest. To handle class imbalance, a novel hybrid data augmentation strategy is introduced, combining geometric transformations with adaptive Gaussian noise injection that adjusts intensity according to image characteristics, thereby simulating realistic clinical variability. At its core, the framework leverages a dual-stream CNN architecture that integrates DenseNet121 for structural feature extraction and ResNet50 for texture representation. A lightweight channel-wise attention mechanism is then introduced to selectively emphasize clinically significant channels while suppressing redundant features, thereby balancing efficiency and interpretability. To optimize model performance while reducing computational overhead, an Improved Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (IMRFO) algorithm is employed. IMRFO enhances the standard MRFO with Partial Centroid Opposition-Based Learning (PCOBL) to dynamically fine-tune hyperparameters, including augmentation settings and transfer learning configurations. Experimental validation was conducted on four public benchmark datasets, ACRIMA, Drishti-Gs, ORIGA, and RIM-ONE-DL, demonstrating the framework's superior performance across all evaluation metrics. The model achieved 100.00% accuracy, precision, recall, and AUC on both ACRIMA and Drishti-Gs, with losses of 0.003 and 0.001, respectively. On ORIGA, it reached 99.70% accuracy, 99.80% precision, 99.30% recall, and 99.50% AUC (loss = 0.01). On RIM-ONE-DL, the model scored 99.90% accuracy, 99.70% precision, 99.50% recall, and 99.70% AUC (loss = 0.006). These findings confirm the framework's robustness and clinical applicability for effective glaucoma screening.