Nature's Power at Nanoscale: Isolation and Characterization of Exosome-like Nanovesicles from Murraya koenigii.

Plant derived exosome like nanoparticles (PDENs) are tiny vesicles that contain a variety of bioactive molecules. They can be used in delivering compounds to the human body exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant effects. India, a country recognized for its diverse and extensive herbs, offers numerous untapped sources of PDENs. In this research, exosome like nanovesicles were extracted from Murraya koenigii leaves by using two complementary techniques: polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and ultracentrifugation. Vesicle sizes ranged from 50 to 300 nm with particle concentrations of 4.0–4.7 × 10¹¹ particles/mL. The vesicles also had negative surface charges from − 21.7 to -28.1 mV indicating good colloidal stability. Morphological analysis showed that the vesicles were intact and spherical, with well-defined lipid bilayers. Biochemical characterization showed the presence of functional groups such as -OH, -COOH and -NH₂ moieties. Proteomic analysis using LC-MS/MS revealed a diverse array of proteins, highlighting the functional potential of the isolated exosomes-like nanovesicles. The results demonstrated that Murraya koenigii leaves contain structurally stable exosome-like nanovesicles, carrying biologically active molecules. Thus, underscoring their potential for future research and therapeutic applications.