Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41999555›Full record

ArticleAllergy2026

Availability and Costs of Allergic Rhinitis Treatments Across the World: A Survey of ARIA Experts.

Maria Clara Urbano, Rafael José Vieira, Yi-Kui Xiang, Sara Gil-Mata, Anna Bedbrook, Baharudin Abdullah, Mona Al-Ahmad, Maryam Ali Al-Nesf, Emilio Alvarez-Cuesta, Salma Mussagy Amade and 66 more

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Article in Allergy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

76 authors.

Maria Clara UrbanoMEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Rafael José VieiraMEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-3055
Yi-Kui XiangInstitute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3432-6837
Sara Gil-MataMEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Anna BedbrookARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma), Montpellier, France.
Baharudin AbdullahDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9138-9215
Mona Al-AhmadMicrobiology Department, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Maryam Ali Al-NesfAdult Allergy and Immunology Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9354-0214
Emilio Alvarez-CuestaAcademic in Allergy and Immunology, Allergy Division, Former Head, Ramon & Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
Salma Mussagy AmadeDepartment of Internal Medicine, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique.
Julijana AsllaniDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1493-7101
Kazi S BennoorDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Elena Camelia BergheaDepartment of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
Mario Calvo-GilPediatrics Department, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
Luis R CaraballoInstitute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Campus de Zaragocilla, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
Elizabeth CastroAllergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Lorenzo CecchiAllergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-2449
Deepa ChoudhuryPaediatric Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Amersham Hospital-NHS Hospital Trust, Amersham, UK.
George ChristoffBulgarian Alliance for Clinical and Translational Allergy, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Derek K ChuDepartment of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Ieva CiruleLatvian Association of Allergists, University Children Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
Alvaro A CruzFundacao ProAR and (Faculdade de Medicina da) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-3871
Dejan DokicMedical Faculty Skopje, University Clinic of Pulmology and Allergy, Skopje, North Macedonia.
Bilun GemiciogluDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey.
Maria Antonieta GuzmanImmunology and Allergy Division, Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Ineta GrisleRiga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
Tari HaahtelaSkin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4757-2156
Elham HossnyPediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Wolfram HoetzeneckerDepartment of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
Martin HrubiskoDepartment of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, St. Elisabeth's Oncology Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Tomohisa IinumaDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-5520
Zhanat IspayevaDepartment of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Juan Carlos IvancevichServicio de Alergia e Immunologia, Clinica Santa Isabel, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Fanny Wai San KoDepartment of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Helga KraxnerDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
Maciej KupczykDivision of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Violeta KvedarieneInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Yen LamPeople's Hospital 115, University Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Désirée E Larenas-LinnemannCenter of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital, México City, Mexico.
Bassam MahboubPulmonary Department, Rashid Hospital, DUBAI Health, Dubai, UAE.
Padukudru A MaheshDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India.
Mohammed Reza MasjediTobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran.
Garry McDonaldInternational Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Edinburgh, UK.
Amarilis MelendezChief Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama, Panama.
Florin MihaltanUMF-University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Pneumology Department, National Institute of Pneumology 'Marius Nasta', Bucharest, Romania.
Branislava MilenkovicClinic for Pulmonary Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbian Association for Asthma and COPD, Belgrade, Serbia.
Yousser MohammadNational Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Collaborating with WHO-EMRO Tishreen University School of Medicine, Latakia, Syria.
Marek NiedoszytkoDepartment of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-1911
Robyn E O'HehirAllergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health, Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3489-7595
Carmen PanaitescuCenter of Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Functional Sciences, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
Petr PanznerDepartment of Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1291-450X
Nikolaos G PapadopoulosAllergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4448-3468
José Miguel Fuentes PerezPrivate Practice, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-3956
Nhân Pham-ThiEcole Polytechnique de Palaiseau, Palaiseau, France.
Constantinos PitsiosMedical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Davor PlavecFaculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
María Susana Repka-RamirezDepartment of Allergy, Clinics Hospital, National University, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9570-1277
Jan RomantowskiDepartment of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
Marylin Valentin RostanPediatrics, Allergy & Immunology, Latín American Society of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (SLAAi), Montevideo, Uruguay.
Menachem RottemDivision of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
Hani SalimDepartment of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Pongsakorn TantilipikornCenter of Research Excellence in Allergy & Immunology, Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Vesna Tomic-SpiricClinic of Allergology and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
Arunas ValiulisInstitute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Leticia de Las VecillasDepartment of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4969-5678
Maria Teresa VenturaUniversity of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
Dana WallaceNova Southeastern University, College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
Pascal WerminghausENT and Allergology, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Sian WilliamsPharmacy Department, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syria.
Francisco Javier Plaza ZamoraSefac (Spanish Society of Clinical, Family and Community Pharmacy), Madrid, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2093-3962
Ludger KlimekDepartment of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2455-0192
Torsten ZuberbierInstitute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1466-8875
Ana Margarida PereiraMEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
João A FonsecaMEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Jean BousquetInstitute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-4766
Bernardo Sousa-PintoMEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Funding

Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) group.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionMedication availability and costs can be highly variable across countries and in different time periods. We aimed to conduct a survey among local experts to obtain information on the availability and costs of allergic rhinitis medications in different countries.

methodsWe sent a survey to members of the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) group, asking for the availability and the lowest cost of specific allergic rhinitis medications in their respective countries. Data in local currencies were converted to 2024 US Dollars adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). We compared the costs of different medication classes, assuming, for each class, the least expensive drug in each country, as well as full treatment adherence.

resultsWe received responses from ARIA experts in 51 different countries. Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) and oral antihistamines (OAH) were available in all countries, but this was not observed for intranasal antihistamines (INAH) or for INAH+INCS. In most countries, OAH was the least costly drug class, while INAH+INCS was the most expensive. Among INCS, beclomethasone was the medication most frequently identified as the cheapest, while cetirizine and loratadine were the OAH most frequently reported as the least expensive. Among INAH+INCS, azelastine-fluticasone was more frequently identified as less costly than olopatadine-mometasone.

conclusionThere is an important across-country and across-class variability in terms of costs of allergic rhinitis medications. The results of this study will inform the ARIA-EAACI 2024-2025 guidelines.

Indexed as

Anti-Allergic AgentsRhinitis, AllergicAdministration, IntranasalAdrenal Cortex HormonesDrug CostsHistamine AntagonistsHumansSurveys and QuestionnairesAdrenal Cortex HormonesAnti-Allergic AgentsHistamine Antagonistsallergic rhinitishealth economicsintranasal corticosteroidsoral antihistaminessurvey

Identifiers

PMID41999555
PMCPMC13256277

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.