Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41999953›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2026

The role of human milk oligosaccharides in shaping and restoring infant gut microbiota: population-based cohort study.

Minka Ovaska, Manu Tamminen, Mirkka Lahdenperä, Samuli Rautava, Aditya Jeevannavar, Heidi Isokääntä, Lars Bode, Hanna Lagström

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Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Minka OvaskaDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. Electronic address: mmovas@utu.fi.
Manu TamminenDepartment of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Mirkka LahdenperäDepartment of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Samuli RautavaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital and New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
Aditya JeevannavarDepartment of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Heidi IsokääntäCentre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Center for Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Lars BodeDepartment of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MOMI CORE), and the Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Hanna LagströmDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Nutrition and Food Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInfant gut microbiota colonization is important for supporting normal development and long-term health of children. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) influence the composition of the gut microbiota, but their specific effects, particularly after breastfeeding, remain poorly understood.

objectivesWe aimed to deepen the understanding of how HMOs associate with the gut microbiota composition at 3 mo and at 13 mo of age. In addition, we assessed the role of HMOs as microbiome-rebalancing agents in cesarean-delivered infants.

methodsWe analyzed fecal samples from infants at 3 mo (n = 517) and 13 mo (n = 522), along with human milk samples at 3 mo, from a population-based cohort. Gut microbiota was profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing, and 19 HMOs were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Dirichlet multinomial mixtures clustering was used to identify bacterial fecal community types (FCTs) and multinomial logistic regression models to study the association between HMOs and FCTs. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance and linear regression models were used to associate HMOs with gut microbiota diversity measures and Spearman correlation to bacterial genera.

resultsHMOs were associated with gut microbiota FCTs, diversity measures, and bacterial genera at 3 and 13 mo of age. At 3 mo, disialyllacto-N-tetraose and the structurally related lacto-N-sialyllactose b showed notable associations with the gut microbiota, whereas at 13 mo, fucodisialyllacto-N-hexaose was associated with multiple gut microbiota metrics. Maternal secretor status was associated with the gut microbiota beta diversity (R

conclusionsHMOs exhibit age-dependent and structure-specific associations with infant gut microbiota, extending beyond breastfeeding.

Indexed as

Gastrointestinal MicrobiomeMilk, HumanOligosaccharidesBacteriaBreast FeedingCohort StudiesFecesFemaleHumansInfantMaleRNA, Ribosomal, 16SOligosaccharidesRNA, Ribosomal, 16Scesarean sectiongut microbiotahuman milk oligosaccharidesinfancysecretor

Identifiers

PMID41999953
PMCPMC13269344

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.