ArticleArtificial organs2026
Condensation in a Membrane Oxygenator Analyzed by Bronchoscopy and Ultrasonography.
Article in Artificial organs, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo elucidate the mechanism of condensation-related oxygenator dysfunction (CROD) and explore preventive strategies, we directly visualized the interior of a membrane oxygenator using bronchoscopy and ultrasonography and evaluated the effect of external warming.
methodsThe CROD model consisted of a circuit incorporating a membrane oxygenator perfused with water at 3 L/min and supplied with gas (50% O
resultsIn the CROD model, condensation appeared at approximately 2 h, predominantly in the cooler outer zone. The droplet area increased over time and showed a strong positive association with gas-supply pressure (r = 0.9041). Gas flushing partially reduced both parameters but did not restore baseline values. Ultrasonographic findings remained similar to those of a dry oxygenator. In the heating model, the outer zone was approximately 1°C warmer than the inner zone, and no visible condensation developed over 24 h, with stable gas pressure.
conclusionsTwo-directional visualization demonstrated that outlet-surface condensation, mainly in the outer zone, was associated with elevated gas-supply pressure in this mechanistic model of CROD. Uniform external heating suppressed condensation, suggesting that temperature control and early detection may represent practical strategies to mitigate CROD.
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