Home-based transcranial static magnetic field stimulation - concept, development, and clinical applications: IFCN handbook chapter.

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have significantly advanced neuroscience research and clinical practice. However, these approaches can involve costly equipment (particularly TMS) and varying degrees of technical complexity, especially for protocols requiring precise targeting. Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) has recently emerged as a novel, accessible alternative. This technique uses a simple, constant magnetic field-typically generated by a neodymium magnet-to modulate cortical excitability without electrical input, or perceptible sensation. While static magnets have long been associated with pseudoscientific practices, rigorous studies since 2011 have established the physiological effects of tSMS, demonstrating its capacity to transiently reduce cortical excitability in humans. The simplicity, portability, and excellent safety profile of tSMS make it especially well-suited for home-based applications and long-duration protocols. Although its modulatory effects tend to be modest and transient, recent research indicates that longer stimulation durations can extend the effects, and its predominantly inhibitory action may be advantageous for specific clinical targets. While the static nature of the magnetic field limits depth penetration, ongoing innovations may help address this constraint. Overall, tSMS represents a low-cost, well-tolerated, and practical addition to the NIBS toolkit, with growing potential to support individualized neuromodulation strategies in both research and therapeutic settings.