ReviewMolecular biomedicine2026
In vivo CAR-cell therapy: current challenges and emerging therapeutic advances.
Review in Molecular biomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrated Engineering of CAR-T Cells for Solid Tumours.Cell proliferation · 2026Review
- Article
- In vivo CAR-M therapy: advancing precision delivery and programmable immune remodeling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy is undergoing a transformative shift from conventional ex vivo manufacturing toward in situ cellular editing, aiming to generate functional CAR-engineered immune cells directly within patients through targeted vector delivery, thereby significantly enhancing therapeutic accessibility and applicability. While rapid advances have been made in both viral (lentiviral and adeno-associated viral vectors) and non-viral (lipid nanoparticle) delivery platforms, along with the expansion of effector cell lineages including CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M, critical translational bottlenecks remain. These include insufficient delivery precision, limited cellular persistence, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) resistance, and challenges in safety controllability. This review systematically examines the working mechanisms and limitations of current delivery platforms for in vivo gene transfer. It provides a comprehensive comparison of how CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M platforms employ distinct yet complementary strategies to address tumor heterogeneity, solid tumor physical and immune barriers, and the specificity constraints of in situ editing. Furthermore, we highlight emerging frontiers such as artificial intelligence-guided personalized therapy design, smart delivery systems (logic-gated CARs, circular RNA vectors), and the development of multicellular synergistic "synthetic immune systems." By integrating multidisciplinary perspectives, this review not only offers a comprehensive roadmap bridging fundamental mechanisms to clinical translation but also lays a theoretical and technical foundation for advancing the next generation of safe, precise, and efficacious in vivo CAR therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.