Misinterpreting Electrophysiology in Human Cognitive Neuroscience.

An axiomatic view in contemporary neuroscience is that EEG components such as event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and oscillations are directly interpretable as manifestations of biological processes that support sensory, motor, and cognitive constructs of interest. This premise justifies and propels research programs in laboratories worldwide, but with a substantial social and economic cost, warranted by the potential for basic-science discovery and the resulting bench-to-bedside transfer for health and disease. But a different premise would be more fruitful. This article proposes that, in psychophysiological experiments relying on vision, EEG components (e.g., P1-N170, LPP, and alpha oscillations) relate to cognition indirectly through their more direct relationship with oculomotor action. The common experimental design that includes a baseline ocular fixation period preceding stimulus presentation provides an excellent template with which to develop the present proposal. Electrophysiological and eye-tracking evidence (3 published and 4 new data sets: 7 experiments, N