ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026
Development of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-based hydrogel-forming microneedle for transdermal delivery of captopril: fabrication, characterization and in vivo antihypertensive activity test.
Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Enhancing skin moisture and anti-aging by DL-α-tocopherol loading sodium alginate-based hydrogel microneedles.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems, including microneedles (MNs), offer advantages over oral administration by bypassing gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass metabolism, while also reducing injection-associated pain. Hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMNs) represent a promising advancement in this field as an alternative strategy. This study aimed to develop an HFMN using poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PVA/PNVCL) with citric acid (CA) as crosslinking agent for transdermal delivery of captopril as a drug model. The HFMNs fabrication was optimised by varying crosslinking time, PNVCL concentration, and CA concentration. Evaluations were conducted on physical properties, mechanical strength, insertion ability, in vitro permeation, and drug content. In vivo skin irritation and antihypertensive efficacy tests were also assessed. A crosslinking time of 45 min, CA concentration of 1.0%, and 10% PNVCL significantly increased the insertion ability, swelling index, permeability and mechanical strength of the HFMNs. Among six formulations, F3 (PVA 15%; PNVCL 10%; CA 1%) demonstrated the most promising performance, achieving in vitro permeation of 66.68 ± 2.78%. In vivo studies showed that oral and transdermal delivery of captopril effectively lowered blood pressure in hypertension-induced rats, with transdermal delivery showing superior efficacy, which warrants further clinical investigation. In addition, in the in vivo skin irritation test, it was observed that HFMNs did not cause irritation. The optimised hydrogel-forming microneedles demonstrated enhanced mechanical strength, permeability, and drug delivery performance. Captopril transdermal delivery using PVA/PNVCL-based HFMNs showed superior antihypertensive efficacy compared to oral administration, with no skin irritation observed, supporting its potential for safe and effective clinical application.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42020839What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.