Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42024716›Full record

ArticleJournal of surgical oncology2026

Identifying Breast Cancer Risk in Patients Undergoing Gender-Affirming Chest Masculinization Surgery.

Jamie E Cronin, Zain Aryanpour, Jakob A Durden, Sarah C Hunt, Ashley Arkema, Nicole T Christian, Christodoulos Kaoutzanis, David W Mathes, Katie G Egan, Sarah E Tevis

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of surgical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jamie E CroninUniversity of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Zain AryanpourDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Coloado, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5328-0726
Jakob A DurdenDepartment of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Sarah C HuntUCHealth Hereditary Cancer Clinic, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Ashley ArkemaUCHealth Diane O'Connor Thompson Breast Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Nicole T ChristianDepartment of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Christodoulos KaoutzanisDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Coloado, USA.
David W MathesDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Coloado, USA.
Katie G EganDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Coloado, USA.
Sarah E TevisDepartment of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesBreast cancer risk among transgender and gender-diverse individuals undergoing gender-affirming chest masculinization ("top") surgery remains poorly defined. This study aimed to characterize breast cancer risk and management in this population.

methodsWe conducted retrospective chart review of patients undergoing top surgery within an academic plastic surgery practice. Variables included family and reproductive history, genetic testing, International Breast Intervention Study (IBIS) scores, and final pathology. The primary outcome was elevated breast cancer risk, defined as IBIS ≥ 20% (high risk) or 15%-19% (intermediate). Significance was set at p < 0.05.

resultsFrom April 2019 to December 2024, 284 individuals underwent top surgery. One-third reported a family history of breast cancer, and two of fifteen genetically tested patients carried pathogenic variants. IBIS scores were calculable in 79 patients, with 43% demonstrating intermediate or high risk (IBIS ≥ 15%). Seven patients were referred to breast surgical oncology and fifteen to genetics; four high-risk individuals elected risk-reducing mastectomy. One case of ductal carcinoma in situ was identified during risk-reducing mastectomy.

conclusionA subset of top surgery patients exhibit elevated familial, genetic, or IBIS-based breast cancer risk. Although incidental malignancy was rare, structured risk assessment and selective referral may improve screening and management in this population.

Indexed as

Breast NeoplasmsEarly Detection of CancerGender-Affirming SurgeryMastectomyPostoperative ComplicationsAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsTransgender PersonsYoung Adultbreast cancer riskmastectomytop surgerytransgendertransgender breast cancertransgender breast cancer screening

Identifiers

PMID42024716
PMCPMC13378779

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.