ArticleMikrochimica acta2026
Cross-validated sensing platform: Fe-based metal-organic frameworks nanozyme enables electron spin resonance and colorimetric dual-mode sensitive detection of cholesterol in milk.
Article in Mikrochimica acta, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
An electron spin resonance (ESR) and colorimetric dual-mode sensor was developed for the detection of cholesterol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), utilizing a synthesized iron-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MOFs) as a high-performance peroxidase mimic. This cascade — in which cholesterol is first converted to H2O2 by cholesterol oxidase and subsequently H2O2 is catalytically utilized by Fe-MOFs to oxidize ABTS into detectable ABTS•+ radical— enables dual-mode (ESR and colorimetric) detection. The superior catalytic activity of Fe-MOFs and its underlying •OH-involved mechanism were further verified respectively by enzyme kinetics and ESR spin-trapping experiments. Under optimized conditions, the sensor provided a linear range of up to 150 µmol L− 1 for cholesterol, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.86 µmol L− 1 (ESR method) and 0.83 µmol L− 1 (colorimetric method). Additionally, a linear response was observed for H2O2, with LODs of 0.40 µmol L− 1 (ESR) and 0.45 µmol L⁻¹ (colorimetric). The method exhibited excellent selectivity against common interferents and was successfully applied to the determination of cholesterol in milk samples, achieving recoveries of 95.2–100.6% (ESR method) and 98.2–98.9% (colorimetric method). Remarkably, the excellent correlation (r = 0.9996) between the analytical results obtained from the ESR and colorimetric methods provides effective cross-validation (i.e. orthogonal signal verification) between these two independent techniques, significantly enhancing the overall reliability of the sensing platform. This dual-signal strategy enables robust mutual verification between colorimetric and ESR measurements. The colorimetric mode provides a simple, cost-effective, and visual semi-quantitative approach for routine analysis, while ESR spectroscopy serves as a reliable complementary tool for mechanistic validation and cross-validation, offering an accurate sensing strategy with promising applications in food analysis and quality control.
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