Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42036458›Full record

ArticleDiabetologia2026

SGLT2 inhibitor use and disparities in all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: insights from a multi-ethnic population.

Lynne Chepulis, Han Gan, David Simmons, Mark Rodrigues, Rawiri Keenan, Rinki Murphy, Tim Kenealy, Leanne Te Karu, Dianna Magliano, Jo Scott-Jones and 4 more

Erratum issuedAbstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Lynne ChepulisMedical Research Centre, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Lynnec@waikato.ac.nz.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-4669
Han GanSchool of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-5291
David SimmonsSchool of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Mark RodriguesMedical Research Centre, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Rawiri KeenanMedical Research Centre, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-8525
Rinki MurphyFaculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Tim KenealyFaculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6002-4766
Leanne Te KaruFaculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8645-3937
Dianna MaglianoSchool of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9507-6096
Jo Scott-JonesMidlands Health Network, Hamilton, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-9072
Allan MoffittProcare Health Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
Chunhuan LaoMedical Research Centre, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Ross LawrensonMedical Research Centre, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0437-8839
Ryan G PaulMedical Research Centre, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1579-3870

Funding

Health Research Council of New Zealand 21/839
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisSodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are known to reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes, but there are limited data regarding mortality outcomes in different ethnic groups (including Indigenous peoples). This study reports on mortality outcomes in a population in Aotearoa New Zealand (hereafter New Zealand) with type 2 diabetes, following the funded availability of the SGLT2i empagliflozin with prioritised access for Māori and Pacific people.

methodsData were collected from primary care records for those aged 18-75 years with type 2 diabetes (Auckland/Waikato regions of New Zealand; February 2021 to December 2023; n=59,505). These data were linked to national medication-dispensing and mortality records for 2021-2024 via national health identifier numbers. Following propensity matching and Cox modelling for ethnicity, age, gender, medication use, baseline HbA

resultsFollowing matching, two groups of 12,792 individuals were identified. Annualised crude mortality (deaths per 1000 individuals per year) was higher in those not dispensed with SGLT2i than in those receiving SGLT2i (35.2 vs 13.1 in those with CVRD and 7.7 vs 3.6 in those without CVRD, respectively). After adjustment, the greatest difference in mortality with SGLT2i use was seen in Māori (HR 0.475; 95% CI 0.336, 0.672; p<0.001), followed by Pacific people (HR 0.507; 95% CI 0.395, 0.651; p<0.001) and European people (HR 0.667; 95% CI 0.545, 0.816; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationThe protective effect of SGLT2i use on mortality appears to differ by ethnicity and is greater in Indigenous Māori and Pacific populations in New Zealand with type 2 diabetes. SGLT2i use in Indigenous and minority populations may support improved health equity.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Maori PeopleSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsWhite PeopleAdolescentAdultAgedAsian PeopleBenzhydryl CompoundsCardiovascular DiseasesEthnicityFemaleGlucosidesHumansMaleMiddle AgedBenzhydryl CompoundsempagliflozinGlucosidesSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsDiabetes complicationsEmpagliflozinEthnicityInequalityMāoriMortalityPacificSGLT2i medication survival rateSGLT2 inhibitorType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID42036458
PMCPMC13310227

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.