Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42040049›Full record

ArticleDiabetology international2026

Analysis of lifestyle factors related to improving blood glucose metabolism by continuous glucose monitoring: a multicenter study in the Chikugo region.

Hitomi Nakayama, Toshihiko Hashinaga, Kentaro Yamada, Nobuhiko Wada, Chizuko Inada, Shimpei Iwata, Ichiro Tokubuchi, Satoko Yoshinobu, Yohei Tanaka, Ayako Nagayama and 6 more

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Article in Diabetology international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Hitomi NakayamaChikugo Municipal Hospital, 917-1 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833-0041 Japan.ORCID 0000-0002-2200-9810
Toshihiko HashinagaChikugo Diabetes Endocrinology Clinic, 4-1 Maezu, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833-0002 Japan.
Kentaro YamadaAsakura Medical Association Hospital, 422-1 Raiha, Asakura, Fukuoka 838-0069 Japan.
Nobuhiko WadaKurume University Medical Center, 155-1 Kokubu, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0863 Japan.
Chizuko InadaInada Clinic, 1-23-2 Hanabatake, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0039 Japan.
Shimpei IwataYame General Hospital, 540-2 Takatsuka, Yame, Fukuoka 834-0034 Japan.
Ichiro TokubuchiOmuta City Hospital, 2-19-1 Takarazaka, Omuta, Fukuoka 836-8567 Japan.
Satoko YoshinobuKurume General Hospital, 21 Kushihara, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0013 Japan.
Yohei TanakaAsakura Medical Association Hospital, 422-1 Raiha, Asakura, Fukuoka 838-0069 Japan.
Ayako NagayamaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 Japan.
Yoshie OtsukaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 Japan.
Nao HasuzawaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 Japan.
Hiroko HarutaKurume University Medical Center, 155-1 Kokubu, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0863 Japan.
Itaru MorikawaChikugo Municipal Hospital, 917-1 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka 833-0041 Japan.
Miyu KinjoDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 Japan.
Masatoshi NomuraDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011 Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Although lifestyle-improving effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) have long been suggested, it remains unclear which lifestyle changes contribute to improvements in blood glucose control. This multicenter study evaluated the effect of CGM on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and identified lifestyle factors associated with its improvement. Methods: We retrospectively investigated changes in insulin injection methods and lifestyle habits after starting CGM via a questionnaire and analyzed the associations between these changes and the degree of reduction in HbA1c over a 6-month period. Results: Wearing a CGM device reduced HbA1c by a mean of 0.83% (median 0.5%), regardless of sex or age. This reduction was smaller in individuals with type 1 diabetes and in those receiving insulin injections 3 or more times per day. Changes in insulin injection doses were not the primary cause of the reduction in HbA1c. Increased insulin doses and more frequent adjustments were not associated with lower HbA1c. After adjusting for HbA1c levels at the start of CGM use, dietary changes associated with HbA1c improvement included reduced intake of carbohydrates and foods that increase blood glucose levels and decreased meal skipping. Increases in resistance exercise and postprandial exercise were also associated with this improvement. Conclusions: The decrease in HbA1c levels after starting CGM was driven primarily by participants becoming aware of fluctuations in blood glucose levels due to diet and exercise, and making lifestyle changes to improve glycemic control.

Indexed as

Continuous glucose monitoringDietary habitExercise habitInsulin injectionLife-styleQuestionnaire

Identifiers

PMID42040049
PMCPMC13103214

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.