Multimodal Imaging for Monitoring of Disease Progression in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Advances and Gaps in Evidence.

Among cardiac storage diseases, amyloidosis has emerged as a common cause of heart failure (HF), particularly in older people: it is diagnosed in up to 13-19% of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Current treatments for transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) focus on stopping the misfolding of the TTR protein or reducing TTR production and treating the symptoms with cardiac medication, while systemic chemotherapy is the focus for light-chain amyloidosis (AL). New fibril clearance agents and gene therapies are currently in development. In addition to clinical and laboratory observations, multimodal imaging is essential for the monitoring of the effects of treatment on the progression of heart disease, but it is not yet included in established staging systems. This narrative review collects current multimodal imaging parameters that have been evaluated in clinical trials to assess the progression of cardiac amyloidosis and used in phase III intervention studies. These evolving findings are compared with current consensus recommendations to identify gaps in knowledge for specific imaging modalities, particularly cardiac MRI. Ultimately, the goal should be to standardize imaging of disease progression in cardiac amyloidosis so that the therapeutic effects of new pharmacological treatment options can be compared with the current standard of care.