Evidence mapPaperPMID 42044921Full record

Trial reportBMJ global health2026

Educational films for improving perinatal outcomes associated with gestational diabetes in Uganda and India: a cluster randomised trial.

Laura L Oakley, Deepa Ravi, Judith Lieber, Arthur Namara, Yamuna Ana, Helen Coombe, Biswamitra Sahu, Poppy A C Mallinson, Maithili Karthik, Eunice Lobo and 9 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMJ global health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03937050 (Gestational Diabetes in Uganda and India), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03937050 nacompletednot on this map

Gestational Diabetes in Uganda and India: Design and Evaluation of Educational Films for Improving Screening and Self-management

TypeinterventionalSponsorLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineRan2021 to 2023Enrolled16,500ConditionsGestational DiabetesArmsIntervention
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Laura L Oakley *Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK laura.oakley@lshtm.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-4697-4316
Deepa Ravi *Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India.
Judith Lieber *Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Arthur NamaraMRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
Yamuna AnaIndian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India.
Helen CoombeMedical Aid Films, London, UK.
Biswamitra SahuIndian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India.
Poppy A C MallinsonDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7591-8065
Maithili KarthikIndian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India.
Eunice LoboIndian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India.
Debarati MukherjeeIndian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bengaluru, India.ORCID 0000-0003-3473-6537
Nicolas BirkDepartment of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Lily HopkinsDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Iliatha Papachristou NadalDivision for Care in Long Term Conditions, King's College London, London, UK.
Janet SeeleyDepartment of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Eugene Oteng-NtimDepartment of Women's Health, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Moffat Nyirenda *MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
Sanjay Kinra *Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu *Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University College of Medicine, Doha, Qatar.

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/R021392
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with a high risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. We evaluated whether a film-based educational intervention for pregnant women and healthcare providers to improve timely detection and management of GDM could reduce the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes.

methodsTwo parallel-group cluster randomised trials were conducted in Uganda and India. A package of 7 interconnected culturally-tailored educational films was developed following formative research. 30 government-funded health facilities (clusters) in each country were randomised (1:1) to intervention or control arm. In intervention facilities (15 in each country), films were shared with pregnant women and health professionals; control facilities (15 in each country) received usual care. The outcome was an individual self-reported composite of unplanned caesarean section, stillbirth or neonatal death, or neonatal hospitalisation. Mixed effects models were used in an intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation by chained equations to address missing data. Analyses were performed separately for each country; random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled prevalence ratios (PRs). Data analysts were blinded to group allocation, but participants, facility and trial staff were not.

resultsIn Uganda, 5495 women were screened between May 2021 and April 2022, and 5102 (92.8%) participated in the trial. In India, 12 045 women were screened between July 2021 and January 2022, and 10 899 (90.5%) participated. Loss to follow-up was 31.7% in Uganda and 12.1% in India. In Uganda, the prevalence of the composite adverse perinatal outcome was 19.7% in the control arm and 19.8% in the intervention arm (PR 1.00, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.14). For India, the prevalence was 29.5% and 30.6%, respectively (PR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.11). The pooled PR across both countries was 1.03 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.10).

conclusionsA film-based intervention did not reduce the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with GDM. Future evaluations should assess educational films delivered alongside more intensive intervention components. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT03937050, ISRCTN96432637.

Indexed as

Diabetes, GestationalMotion PicturesPregnancy OutcomeAdultFemaleHumansIndiaInfant, NewbornPregnancyUgandaDiabetesGlobal HealthHealth education and promotionMaternal healthObstetrics

Identifiers

PMID42044921
PMCPMC13141209

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.