Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42046274›Full record

ArticleJournal of transcultural nursing : official journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society2026

Bridging the Gap: Barriers to Access Autism Support for Immigrant and Refugee Communities in Canada and the United States.

Hasina Amanzai, Angelina Stafford, Betty Qiuxuan Wang, Sepali Guruge, Cristina Catallo, Stephanie Nishi, Nancy Walton, Andrea Borges, Mushgan Sediq, Pheba Joy

Abstract readScoping Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of transcultural nursing : official journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Hasina AmanzaiToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-9255-0362
Angelina StaffordToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.
Betty Qiuxuan WangToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0009-0006-2443-1640
Sepali GurugeToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.
Cristina CatalloToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.
Stephanie NishiToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.
Nancy WaltonToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.
Andrea BorgesToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.
Mushgan SediqToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.
Pheba JoyToronto Metropolitan University, Ontario, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects one in 50 children in Canada and one in 31 children in the United States. This scoping review aimed to identify barriers immigrant families encounter when accessing ASD services.

methodGuided by the Joanna Briggs Institute framework, databases including CINAHL, Nursing & Allied Health Premium, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed studies published within the past 10 years. A total of 12 studies examining immigrant parents' experiences accessing ASD services through health or education systems were included.

resultsImmigrant families reported barriers across cultural, systemic, and structural domains. Several studies also identified facilitators, such as bilingual providers and community-based support networks, which improved service access and trust.

conclusionFindings indicate that immigrant families experience multiple, overlapping barriers that delay diagnosis and intervention. Addressing culturally responsive care, interpreter access, and service coordination is essential to improving equitable access to ASD services in Canada and the United States.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderEmigrants and ImmigrantsHealth Services AccessibilityRefugeesCanadaChildHumansMedical InterpretingUnited Statesautism spectrum disordercultural competencyemigrants and immigrantshealth care disparitieshealth services accessibility

Identifiers

PMID42046274
PMCPMC13478404

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.