ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2026
Abundance of the vector Aedes aegypti in urban and rural areas in Managua, Nicaragua.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAe. aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever viruses, traditionally associated with urban environments. However, its presence and abundance in rural settings remain understudied. This study compares Ae. aegypti populations between rural and urban communities in Managua, Nicaragua, across different seasons over multiple years.
methodsEntomological surveys were conducted in 500 randomly selected houses (250 rural, 250 urban) during the rainy and dry seasons of 2022 and 2023. Immature mosquitoes were collected from water-holding containers, and adult mosquitoes were sampled using aspirators. Stegomyia, pupal, and adult indices were calculated. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) were used to evaluate factors associated with pupal productivity and adult female abundance.
resultsRural communities consistently exhibited higher immature and adult Ae. aegypti abundance than urban communities across most entomological indices. Rural households accounted for 74% of collected pupae and had 3.34 times higher pupal counts compared with urban households (95% CI: 2.17-5.15, p < 0.001). Barrels were the most productive container type in both settings, with uncovered barrels increasing pupal counts by 73% (IRR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.63-1.82, p < 0.001). Total adult female abundance was significantly higher in rural communities compared to urban ones (IRR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.13 - 1.72, p < 0.001). Rural households also exhibited 67% higher female rates per person than urban households (IRR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.33-2.09). Nonlinear modeling revealed threshold-like dynamics between pupal counts and adult female abundance, with sharp increases in adult density once pupal abundance exceeded 50 pupae.
conclusionWe consistently observed that rural communities in Managua sustain significantly higher Ae. aegypti populations than urban ones. The identification of pupal thresholds linked to adult abundance highlights the importance of preventing containers from reaching high productivity levels. Overall, these findings challenge the perception of Ae. aegypti as predominantly urban and underscore the need for integrated rural-urban surveillance and context-specific vector control strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.