Trial reportJournal of cardiothoracic surgery2026
Simultaneous bispectral index and near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring to evaluate two induction protocols in elective cardiovascular surgery.
Trial report in Journal of cardiothoracic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundLaryngoscopy and intubation provoke strong sympathetic activation and may cause hemodynamic instability in cardiovascular surgery patients. Maintaining adequate hypnotic depth and cerebral oxygenation during induction is essential. Although BIS and NIRS are widely used, their simultaneous behavior during induction in a homogeneous cardiovascular surgery population is not well established.
objectivesTo compare thiopental–low-dose fentanyl and midazolam–high-dose fentanyl induction protocols regarding their effects on BIS, regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO₂), and hemodynamic responses during the peri-intubation period.
methodsThis prospective, randomized study included 30 adults undergoing elective cardiovascular surgery. Patients received thiopental (5–7 mg/kg) + fentanyl (1.5 µg/kg) or midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) + fentanyl (5 µg/kg). BIS, bilateral rSO₂, arterial pressures, heart rate, and end-tidal CO₂ were recorded at four time points: before induction (T0), two minutes after induction (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), and two minutes post-intubation (T3). Statistical comparisons were performed within and between groups (p < 0.05).
resultsBoth protocols demonstrated similar BIS patterns: a marked decrease after induction, a rise at intubation, and a decline thereafter. rSO₂ increased significantly at T1–T2 and decreased at T3 in both groups. Hemodynamic responses showed parallel post-induction decreases and intubation-related increases. No significant intergroup differences were identified in BIS, rSO₂, or major hemodynamic variables.
conclusionsThiopental–low-dose fentanyl and midazolam–high-dose fentanyl induction yield comparable effects on hypnotic depth, cerebral oxygenation, and hemodynamic stability. Combined BIS–NIRS monitoring provides complementary information and may enhance peri-intubation safety in cardiovascular surgery.
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