ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
Serum IL-6 and IL-18 responses in COVID-19 in children: the role of vitamin D status in a cohort from Azerbaijan.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may trigger inflammatory responses in children, and vitamin D is known to play an important role in immune regulation. Methods: This study investigated the effects of COVID-19 infection and vitamin D status on inflammatory cytokine levels in children during the pandemic. A cohort of 170 children aged 1-17 years with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was enrolled. Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18 were analyzed in relation to vitamin D status and COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: Children with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 exhibited higher serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18 compared with healthy controls. Children with vitamin D deficiency had higher cytokine levels compared with those with normal vitamin D levels, although these differences were not statistically significant. Discussion: The findings suggest that low vitamin D levels may influence the increase in the studied cytokines; however, the current results do not fully confirm this relationship. These observations highlight the need for further large-scale and prospective studies to better understand the immunomodulatory role of vitamin D in pediatric COVID-19 patients.
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