ReviewImmunity & inflammation2026
Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and inflammation: from fundamental biology to clinic insights.
Review in Immunity & inflammation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunomodulatory thermosensitive hydroxypropyl chitin hydrogel platform maintains cartilage-synovium homeostasis for enhanced osteoarthritis therapy.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Microbial levan potentiates hepatic retention and antitumor activity of a PEGylated benzimidazole-curcumin nanocomplex through TLR2-FXR/FGF15-associated immunometabolic remodeling in experimental liver cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Global Proteomic Analysis Reveals Inflammatory Pathway Modulation Associated with miR-146a in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Perspective on Lessons Not Learned: From Coley's Toxins to Microbial Drug Delivery, Guidance for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Maternal Microbiome in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Antioxidant Polymeric and Non-Polymeric Nanoformulations for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- E3 ligase UHRF2 hijacks nuclear TBK1 to epigenetically repress type I interferons expression.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Beyond receptor activation: biased toll-like receptor signaling in periodontal inflammation and regeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Inflammation, infection, and immune dysregulation in chronic kidney disease: translational and epidemiological perspectives.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- The microbiome as a systems-level regulator of immune, metabolic, neural, and endocrine signaling in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The discovery and investigation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has fundamentally reshaped our understanding of innate immunity and inflammation over the past four decades. These pivotal pattern-recognition receptors play a canonical role as sentinels that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In addition, TLR signaling is subject to exquisite multilayered regulation to prevent excessive inflammation and maintain immune homeostasis. Such regulation includes posttranslational modifications, epigenetic reprogramming, metabolic rewiring, and dynamic assembly of signaling condensates. This review comprehensively summarizes the intrinsic regulatory networks and tissue-microenvironment crosstalk that fine-tune TLR responses. We highlight the central roles of TLR signaling in infection, autoimmunity, cancer, inflammaging, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, underscoring how dysregulation drives pathology. Finally, we examine recent analyses and future prospects for pharmacological modulation of TLR pathways with agonists or antagonists as a promising therapeutic strategy for a broad spectrum of inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. By bridging foundational mechanisms with clinical insights, this article illustrates how TLR research continues to illuminate immune regulation and offers novel avenues for targeted immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.