ArticleCommunications medicine2026
Influenza vaccine responses differ between young children previously exposed to influenza antigens via infection versus vaccination.
Article in Communications medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Population Immunity to Influenza Neuraminidase: From Immune Imprinting to Pandemic Preparedness.Vaccines · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Preexisting Immunity in Influenza: Protective Recall Versus Constraint of Novel Responses.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnnual influenza vaccination is recommended for young children with limited understanding of how this may imprint influenza immunity. We conducted a pilot study to examine whether early life exposure to influenza through vaccination versus infection affects subsequent vaccination responses.
methodsNineteen children aged 6-60 months were enrolled at two Australian hospitals during 2019-2021. Plasma was collected before and after vaccination for up to three successive years to measure antibody titres by hemagglutinination (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibiting (HI, NI) assays and ELISA. Medical records and seropositivity (HI titre ≥40) at enrolment were used to classify seven children as having prior vaccination(s) and eight as having prior influenza A(H3N2) infection. Others had mixed, no, or unclear prior exposures. Post-vaccination antibody titres and seroconversion (HI fold-rise ≥4) were compared across the two main prior exposure groups.
resultsHere we show that post-vaccination HI and NI antibody titres and titre-rises against A(H3N2) are far higher among children classified as having had prior A(H3N2) infection compared to prior vaccination; 8/8 versus 3/7 seroconverted, respectively. A(H3N2) HA-stem binding antibody titres are modest but rise more after vaccination among children classified as having had prior A(H3N2) infection. A(H1N1)-reactive antibody responses are not significantly different between groups.
conclusionsThese results suggest that for priming subsequent vaccine antibody responses against A(H3N2), infection may be superior to vaccination.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.