Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42069873›Full record

ArticleMolecular psychiatry2026

Heterogeneous functional state dynamics and its structural substrates in male individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Tianhang Liu, Xi Chen, Xiangyu Zheng, Haoda Ren, Yapei Xie, Zhao Fu, Yilu Zhao, Li Yang, Yong He, Xuhong Liao

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Tianhang LiuSchool of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Xi ChenSchool of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Xiangyu ZhengPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Big Data Innovative Application of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
Haoda RenSchool of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Yapei XieState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Zhao FuPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Big Data Innovative Application of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-6602
Yilu ZhaoPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Big Data Innovative Application of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
Li YangPeking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Big Data Innovative Application of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China. yangli_pkuimh@bjmu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3771-5969
Yong HeState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. yong.he@bnu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7039-2850
Xuhong LiaoSchool of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. liaoxuhong@bnu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-0170-2520

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 11835003National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 81971690Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (Beijing Natural Science Foundation) 5262012
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered functional connectome dynamics in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and linked these alterations to clinical symptoms. However, most studies have emphasized population-level contrasts, leaving interindividual variability in connectome dynamics and its structural underpinnings poorly understood. To address this gap, we analyzed resting-state functional and structural MRI data from 939 male participants (440 with ASD, 499 typically developing controls) across 18 sites in the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE). Whole-brain functional state dynamics was characterized using five leading activity modes and their expressions via eigen-microstate analysis. Age-related trajectories of mode expressions were constructed for typically developing controls using normative modeling, enabling quantification of individual-level deviations in functional dynamics. Compared with controls, ASD individuals showed greater interindividual variability in functional deviation profiles. Unsupervised clustering of these profiles identified two robust ASD subtypes with distinct mode-specific dysfunctions. One subtype primarily involved the visual, default-mode, frontoparietal, and dorsal attention networks, whereas the other subtype primarily involved the somatomotor, visual, frontoparietal, and ventral attention networks. These subtypes were clinically dissociable, differing in restricted and repetitive behaviors and social impairments, and exhibited mode-specific brain-symptom associations. Furthermore, the subtypes exhibited distinct cortical thickness alterations, and individual subtype membership was predicted with high accuracy (83%) using a random forest classifier based on cortical thickness. The main findings were replicated in an independent cohort outside ABIDE. This study delineates two reproducible and clinically dissociable ASD subtypes and links functional connectome dynamics to structural substrates, offering novel insights into the neurobiological basis behind ASD heterogeneity.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderAdolescentAdultBrainBrain MappingChildConnectomeHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleNerve NetNeural PathwaysYoung Adult

Identifiers

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.