Perioperative Management of Pediatric Epilepsy Neuromodulation Devices.

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) has a significant burden on children and their families that extends beyond seizure management. Surgery can be a curative treatment but is sometimes not an option for certain generalized epilepsies or epilepsy in an eloquent region. Neuromodulation therapies (vagus nerve stimulation-VNS, deep brain stimulation-DBS, and responsive neurostimulation-RNS) have emerged as effective palliative treatments to mitigate seizure burden. Only VNS is FDA-approved for use in certain pediatric populations for epilepsy, but all are used off-label to treat pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy. This review provides an overview of these therapies, the perioperative considerations related to their implantation, and the perioperative considerations related to managing a device in situ. Care must be taken to avoid unintentional harm to the device, the leads, and the generator. Procedures must be cognizant of possible physiological changes that can occur intraoperatively and anatomic restrictions due to lead/generator placement. Although there is still a need for more long-term safety data regarding the use of neuromodulation devices in children, the current data demonstrate good efficacy and safety thus far. More children are likely to receive these devices for treatment, and so continued training and education will be needed for health care providers to maintain device longevity and safety.