ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Metabolomic Profiling of Tongue Coating Reveals Potential Molecular Features Linked to Type 2 Diabetes Progression.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Diagnosis and monitoring of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) typically rely on invasive blood-based biomarkers. To explore non-invasive alternatives, this study examined tongue coating metabolites to identify metabolic signatures linked to diabetes progression. A case-control observational study categorized participants into control, prediabetes, and diabetes groups. Tongue coating samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Differential metabolites were correlated with clinical parameters, including HbA1c, BMI, and eGFR. Distinct metabolic profiles emerged across groups, with significant differences in five endogenous metabolites (phenylpyruvic acid, propionylcarnitine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, phenethylamine, phenethylamine glucuronide) and four amino acids (isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine). Diabetic subjects showed elevated phenylpyruvic acid and phenethylamine, while propionylcarnitine, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and phenethylamine glucuronide were reduced. Phenethylamine was positively correlated with HbA1c; propionylcarnitine and phenethylamine glucuronide showed negative correlations with HbA1c and BMI. Detected total amino acids were inversely correlated with eGFR. Additionally, a diabetes index derived from these metabolic features also holds potential for discriminating disease states. These findings underscore the potential of tongue coating metabolites as a relatively non-invasive approach for evaluating T2DM states. The observed metabolic alterations provide valuable insights into diabetes-associated dysregulation, including protein glycation, obesity-related metabolic shifts, and renal impairment.
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