ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Sensor-Based and VR-Assisted Visual Training Enhances Visuomotor Reaction Metrics in Youth Handball Players.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSensor-based systems and virtual reality (VR) technologies provide new opportunities for the objective, technology-driven assessment and training of visuomotor performance in applied contexts such as sport.
methodsThis study examined the effects of an integrated visual training program combining stroboscopic stimulation, VR-based vergence exercises, and instrumented reaction-light tasks in adolescent handball players. Twenty-eight adolescent handball players (under-18 competitive level) completed two baseline assessments separated by six weeks, followed by a six-session training program (approximately 15 min per session) integrated into regular team practice. The intervention targeted visuomotor reaction speed, accommodative dynamics, and peripheral visual responsiveness using sensor-based and virtual reality-assisted stimuli.
resultsCompared with both baseline measurements, the intervention produced selective improvements in accommodative facility (cycles per minute, cpm)-particularly near-far focusing speed-and in multiple reaction-time conditions (milliseconds, ms) involving manual and decision-based responses. Specific peripheral-field locations showed increased response scores, whereas binocular alignment, AC/A ratio, near phoria, and stereoscopic acuity remained unchanged.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that technology-supported visual training protocols incorporating sensor-based reaction systems and VR stimuli were associated with measurable adaptations in dynamic visuomotor processing while preserving fundamental binocular vision parameters.
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