ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Serum 25(OH)D3 level is associated with cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels and cognitive impairment (CI) in middle-aged and elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, we sought to evaluate the potential of serum 25(OH)D3 as a marker associated with CI and to identify relevant influencing factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 221 middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM, aged 50-80 years. Participants were divided into a group without cognitive impairment (n = 131, 59.28%) and a group with cognitive impairment (n = 90, 40.72%) based on cognitive function status. Demographic characteristics, clinical indicators (e.g., age, disease duration, body composition, comorbidities), and laboratory test results (e.g., 25(OH)D3, fasting C-peptide, fasting insulin, blood lipids) were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between 25(OH)D3 and cognitive impairment. Analyses included univariate logistic regression, multivariate regression adjusted for three sets of confounders, subgroup analyses, interaction tests, and ROC curve analyses. Results: The two groups showed statistically significant differences in age, disease duration, fasting C-peptide, fasting insulin, cholesterol, serum 25(OH)D3 levels, and 25(OH)D3 quartile distribution (P < 0.05). Differences in other indicators were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher serum 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment. This association remained robust after adjusting for multiple confounders (including gender, hypertension, cerebral infarction, and coronary heart disease) in Model 3 (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-0.97, P < 0.001). In the 25(OH)D3 quartile subgroup analysis, compared with the Q1 group, the Q3 (OR = 0.35, P = 0.034) and Q4 (OR = 0.25, P = 0.004) groups showed significantly lower odds of cognitive impairment, with a significant trend (P = 0.003). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.58-0.72) for 25(OH)D3 in identifying cognitive impairment. Interaction tests indicated that factors such as gender, hypertension, cerebral infarction, and fatty liver did not significantly modify the association between 25(OH)D3 and cognitive impairment (P for interaction > 0.05). Conclusions: This study found that 25(OH)D3 levels were negatively correlated with the prevalence of cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly individuals with T2DM. Higher 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment, and 25(OH)D3 may have potential as a marker for cognitive impairment in this population. These findings highlight 25(OH)D3 as a potential factor of interest for further research into the prevention and intervention of cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.