Application and Advances of Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles in Diabetic Wound Healing.

Wound healing in diabetes is a complicated and challenging task, which is affected by many factors. For example, microcirculatory disorders, inflammatory reactions, cell signaling disruption, abnormal fibrosis, and impaired immunity due to high blood sugar may have an adverse effect on wound healing. In order to address this problem, researchers have continued to explore a broad range of innovative approaches. Nanoparticles, as a novel repair material, are widely used due to their unique physical and chemical properties, particularly in the treatment of diabetes; however, they also have certain limitations. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, with their inherent biocompatibility and precise drug delivery capabilities, have emerged as a novel and highly effective strategy for treating diabetic wounds. Among these, nanoparticles coated with macrophage membranes and mesenchymal stem cell membranes have demonstrated the most significant therapeutic effects in wound anti-inflammation, vascular regeneration, and tissue repair. They can effectively improve the local pathological microenvironment, offering a novel and highly effective nanotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic wounds. This paper systematically reviews research progress on nanoparticles coated with red blood cell membranes, macrophage membranes, stem cell membranes, and exosome membranes for treating diabetic wounds. It comprehensively organizes findings based on membrane source classification, mechanisms of action and in vitro/in vivo evidence. Compared to existing reviews, this paper's primary innovations and contributions lie in establishing a comprehensive membrane classification system, deeply analyzing the synergistic logic of multi-mechanism actions, and it provides a comprehensive analysis of practical challenges in areas such as reproducibility, safety, immunomodulation, large-scale production, regulatory compliance, and clinical translation. It provides theoretical support and practical references for developing more precise and safer wound repair strategies in the future.