ArticleACS applied materials & interfaces2026
Inkjet-Printed Rough Gold Microelectrode Arrays on Flexible Substrates for Neural Recording and Electrical Stimulation.
Article in ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Simple, Fast and Sensitive Voltammetric Procedure for Copper Ion Determination Using a Solid Gold Microelectrode Array.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are essential tools for recording and stimulating electrogenic tissues, but their fabrication typically depends on complex, costly, and mask-based cleanroom processes. While inkjet-printed MEAs have increasingly been explored as low-cost alternatives, most demonstrations have focused on cardiac cell recordings, with only a limited number of studies showing neuronal recordings. Furthermore, no work to date has demonstrated neuronal interfacing, combining single-unit recording with electrical stimulation, using inkjet-printed MEAs. Here, we investigate whether inkjet-printed MEAs enable both extracellular single-unit neuronal recording and reliable electrical stimulation. We fabricated gold microelectrodes on flexible foils via maskless inkjet-printing, insulated them with printed SU-8 (an epoxy-based dielectric), and characterized their morphology using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and profilometry, and their electrochemical behavior using impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The printed gold formed a rough nanoparticle-based morphology, resulting in an increased effective electrochemical surface area. This morphology enabled low electrode impedances and high charge injection during voltage-controlled stimulation. We assessed functional performance in ex vivo retinal tissue. The inkjet-printed MEAs enabled reliable single-unit recordings with signal-to-noise ratios comparable to cleanroom-fabricated commercial devices and cell activation upon electrical stimulation with biphasic pulses. The electrodes were reusable and noncytotoxic, verified via a standard cell viability assay. These results establish the first inkjet-printed microelectrodes capable of neuronal interfacing, demonstrating that printed MEAs can match the functional performance of conventional microfabricated devices. This work positions inkjet-printing as a scalable, easily adaptable, low-cost manufacturing technique for flexible MEAs with rough gold electrodes suitable for neurotechnology applications.
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Registered trials
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